传统疫苗

从疫苗的存在形式上看，可供选择的HIV候选疫苗包括下列几种：传统疫苗（灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗）、合成肽和蛋白亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗以及活载体疫苗。

Currently the HIV vaccine candidates include traditional vaccine ( killed or attenuated vaccine ), peptide , protein subunit , DNA vaccine and live vectorial vaccine .

DNA疫苗作为第三代疫苗，其具备传统疫苗和基因工程苗不可比拟的优点，能够诱导全方位的免疫反应且使用安全方便，开创了疫苗学的新纪元。

As the third generation of vaccine , DNA vaccine has advantages of traditional vaccine and genetic engineer vaccine , which can induce complete immune response and can be used safely and conveniently .

DNA疫苗是在传统疫苗基础上发展起来的一种全新的疫苗，同传统的疫苗相比具有多方面的优越性。

A new DNA vaccine with much advantage was developed following by classical vaccine .

很多传统疫苗如果没有佐剂作用，其免疫效果受到极大影响，特别是对一些新型疫苗（如DNA疫苗）的研发或改进，有效佐剂是一个重要的突破点。

The immune effects of some traditional vaccines would be weak without adjuvant . Effective adjuvant is an important breakthrough especially for some new or improved vaccines .

鱼用疫苗的种类繁多，除传统疫苗之外，新型疫苗包括合成肽疫苗、DNA疫苗、活载体疫苗、基因缺失疫苗等。

There are a variety of fish vaccines . In addition to traditional vaccines , new vaccines include synthesis peptide vaccine ,, DNA vaccine , gene defect vaccine , and so on .

HPV目前尚不能在体外大量培养，难以研制传统疫苗。

Since we are not able to cultivate HPV in large quantities in the vitro at present , it is difficult to develop a traditional vaccine .

RNA复制子疫苗克服了传统疫苗和普通DNA疫苗存在的缺点，具有抗原表达效率高、安全性好、应用范围广等优点，因而被视为一种发展前景很好的疫苗形式。

RNA replicon-based vaccine is regarded as a kind of promising vaccine because of its higher expression efficiency of antigen , higher security , wider range of application than classical vaccines and ordinary DNA vaccines .

流感病毒分A、B、C三型，对其病毒学、流行病学和临床特征，以及流感病毒传统疫苗灭活疫苗和新型疫苗核酸疫苗的研究进展作了论述。

There are several differences in the biological and biochemical properties among three types of influenza virus . The virological , epidemiological and clinical features of influenza A , B , and C viruses , the development of influenza vaccine and DNA vaccine were summarized .

然而AIV亚型多、易变异的特点，使传统疫苗难以发挥有效的预防作用。

But traditional vaccines can 't play a efficient role to prevent the AI for the characteristic of AIV for the variation and more subtypes .

DNA疫苗由于能够同时激发机体产生细胞免疫、体液免疫和粘膜免疫应答，且安全性和稳定性好，能够克服传统疫苗的诸多不足，将该技术应用于兽医领域的研究越来越多。

Since DNA vaccine has shown the ability to induce strong humoral , cellular and local mucosal immune response and has well security and stability , it can overcome many shortages of traditional vaccine . More and more researches have been done to test this technology in veterinary medicine .

DNA疫苗能够同时诱导产生体液免疫反应和细胞免疫反应，而且与传统疫苗相比，在设计、制备和安全性等方面具有诸多优势，这促使DNA疫苗平台逐渐成为疫苗研究开发的热点。

Compared to traditional vaccines , DNA vaccine stimulates both potent humoral and cellular immune responses . DNA vaccine also offers advantages in terms of their design , production and safety . These merits promote DNA vaccines to become one of the hottest areas in vaccine research and development .

如果IBD野毒存在鸡舍，它就有可能突破母源抗体，在传统疫苗起效前开始传播。

If a field virus is present in the house , it will probably break through maternal antibody and start to spread before a traditional vaccine can even start to be effective .

猪瘟疫苗研究进展及我国传统疫苗的研究现状

The research progress on classical swine fever ( CSF ) vaccine

传统疫苗大多是激发机体的体液免疫，很难启动细胞免疫。

Traditional vaccines excite body fluid immunity mostly but hardly start cell immunity .

通过基因工程，他们突破了传统疫苗的两大局限。

Using genetic engineering , they have overcome two of the limitations of vaccines .

传统疫苗的原理是刺激所谓的适应性免疫系统。

A traditional vaccine works by stimulating what is known as the adaptive immune system .

由于传统疫苗的副作用，研发新的亚单位疫苗就很有必要。

Due to the side effects of the traditional vaccines , development of new subunit vaccine is essential .

但是，巴氏杆菌血清型众多，而传统疫苗通常只对同型菌株有较好的保护作用，并且弱毒疫苗还可能造成安全隐患。

But these traditional vaccines usually only have protection to the same serotype strains and attenuated vaccines could pose a security risk .

与传统疫苗相比，可食疫苗更简单、安全、稳定、经济和卫生。

Compared with the traditional vaccines , the edible vaccines are even simpler and safer , and more stable , economical and sanitary .

本文将通过核酸疫苗的产生，免疫机理，与传统疫苗相比的特点及其传染病中的应用对其作一综述。

This article discussed the produce and immune mechanism of nucleic acid vaccine and its characterism compared with traditional vaccine and used in epidemic disease .

随着生物技术的不断完善，植物生物反应器将会成为疫苗生产的有效途径，并部分替代传统疫苗的生产方式。

With the advances of plant biotechnology , plant bioreactor may become an available approach and will be an alternative means for vaccine production in the future .

如果疫苗当中的微生物能够被诱导而指向或侵入特定的分子，他们就能加速实现其在传统疫苗上的目标。

If microorganisms inside of vaccines can be coaxed into targeting or invading specific cells , they could achieve their goal at an accelerated rate over conventional vaccines .

一种以遗传因子为基础的疫苗，不必像传统疫苗那样在鸡蛋里培养，所以避免了费时且费神的制造过程。

A DNA-based vaccine wouldn 't have to be grown in chicken eggs , doing away with the time-consuming and finicky manufacturing process of the current flu vaccine .

该疫苗与传统疫苗相比，可同时诱导体液和细胞免疫应答、并具有制备简单、无毒力回复、可联合接种等优势。

Compared with traditional vaccines , the vaccine can induce humoral and cellular immune responses , and have preponderances in simple preparation , no virulence reversion , combined immunization .

与之相对照的是，另一组接种了传统疫苗的老鼠，暴露在相同“野生型”病毒株条件下，六天之内全部死亡。

In contrast , a second group of mice that received a more conventional vaccine died within six days of being exposed to the same " wild-type " strain .

新疫苗不似传统疫苗那样产生抗体来消灭细菌，它们制造的抗体可以锁定尼古丁与古柯碱分子，阻止它们到达脑部。

Instead of building antibodies to destroy germs as traditional vaccines do , they construct antibodies that lock onto nicotine and cocaine molecules , preventing them from reaching the brain .

传统疫苗是用来预防疾病，但是该新型疫苗一旦发明它们刺激自身的免疫系统对抗癌症。

Traditionally vaccines have been used to prevent disease , but the new vaccines attempt to get the body 's own immune system to fight the cancer after it has developed .

利用转基因植物作为生物反应器表达重组蛋白，生产外源蛋白质作为动物疫苗是一个很有吸引力的廉价生产系统，它有可能代替生产成本较高的传统疫苗的发酵生产系统。

The utilization of transgenic plants as bioreactor expressing recombinant proteins to be used as animal experimental vaccine is an attractive and inexpensive alternative to conventional fermentation systems for vaccine production .

随着植物基因工程的发展，转基因植物表达抗原成为可能，相对传统疫苗植物是一种更安全、更经济的表达系统。

With the development of plant genetic engineering , the expression of antigen of transgenic plants could be possible . Relatively traditional vaccine plant is a safer and more economical expression system .

传统疫苗在制作、运输、存贮和使用中手续复杂、要求严格、成本高，且存在疫苗反应和疫苗复苏致病的可能性，因此无法最大限度地推广和普及。

Due to the Complicated processes of production , strict requirement of transportation , usage and storage , costs and possibility of vaccine reaction , the traditional vaccine is very difficult to popularize .