排他性销售

跨国公司往往通过使用排他性销售渠道（ED）、纵向一体化（VI）或者二者相结合的混合策略进入东道国并进行竞争。

It is common for multinational corporations to choose such strategies as exclusive dealing ( ED ) or vertical integration ( VI ) to compete in the host countries .

纵向一体化、排他性销售与寡头竞争中的非对称均衡这个参照体可大可小，可以是容他性的也可以是排他性的；可以是正式的、或非正式的。

Vertical Integration , Exclusive Dealing and Asymmetric Equilibrium in Oligopoly Competition The group can be large , small , inclusive , exclusive , formal or informal .

出口卡特尔是出口商之间设定价格同盟以及建立排他性出口销售渠道的横向协议。

Export Cartel means horizontal restrictions between exporters in order to set a common industry export price , establish export quotas among members and assign exclusive trading areas overseas .