by
- prep.靠近;在…旁边;在……手头;（方向）偏于;常置于表示被动的动词后，表示施事者;表示方式;由于;不迟于，在……之前;经过;通过，沿着;在…期间;表示程度、数量、速率、尺寸;相差（用于表示变化或差异的程度）;表示触及或抓住的人或物的部分;从……看，按照;（起誓时用）以…的名义;（用于乘除运算）
- adv.通过;经过;表示保留或保存时用;短暂拜访; 在旁边，在附近
- adj.不在干道上的，位于一边的;次要的，从属的;附带的
- n.同bye. by and again
byprep.
靠近；在…旁边
near sb/sth; at the side of sb/sth; beside sb/sth
a house by the river
河边的一所房子
The telephone is by the window.
电话在窗户旁边。
Come and sit by me.
过来挨着我坐。
（常置于表示被动的动词后，表示使为者）
used, usually after a passive verb, to show who or what does, creates or causes sth
He was knocked down by a bus.
他被公共汽车撞倒了。
a play by Ibsen
易卜生写的剧本
Who's that book by?
谁是那本书的作者？
I was frightened by the noise.
我被那响声吓坏了。
（表示方式）
used for showing how or in what way sth is done
The house is heated by gas.
这房子是煤气供暖的。
May I pay by cheque?
我能用支票付款吗？
I will contact you by letter.
我会给你写信联系的。
to travel by boat/bus/car/plane
乘船 / 公共汽车 / 轿车 / 飞机
to travel by air/land/sea
坐飞机；经陆路 / 海路
Switch it on by pressing this button.
按下这个开关启动它。
（置于不带the的名词前，表示原因）由于
used before particular nouns without the , to say that sth happens as a result of sth
They met by chance.
他们不期而遇。
I did it by mistake.
我误做了这事。
The coroner's verdict was ‘death by misadventure’.
验尸官判定是“意外致死”。
不迟于；在…之前
not later than the time mentioned; before
Can you finish the work by five o'clock?
你五点钟前能完成工作吗？
I'll have it done by tomorrow.
我将于明天之前让人做完这件事。
By this time next week we'll be in New York.
下星期的这个时候我们将在纽约。
He ought to have arrived by now/by this time .
他现在应该已经到了。
By the time (that) this letter reaches you I will have left the country.
你收到这封信时，我已离开这个国家了。
经过
past sb/sth
He walked by me without speaking.
他一言不发地从我身边走过。
在…期间；处于某种状况
during sth; in a particular situation
to travel by day/night
白天 / 夜间旅行
We had to work by candlelight.
我们不得不借助烛光工作。
（表示程度、数量）
used to show the degree or amount of sth
The bullet missed him by two inches.
子弹只差两英寸就击中他了。
House prices went up by 10%.
房价上涨了10%。
It would be better by far (= much better) to…
那比…好得多。
从…看；依；按照
from what sth shows or says; according to sth
By my watch it is two o'clock.
我的表是两点钟。
I could tell by the look on her face that something terrible had happened.
从她的脸色我可以看出，发生了可怕的事情。
By law, you are a child until you are 18.
按照法律规定，18岁之前是未成年人。
（表示触及或抓住的人或物的部分）
used to show the part of sb/sth that sb touches, holds, etc.
I took him by the hand.
我拉着他的手。
She seized her by the hair.
她揪住她的头发。
Pick it up by the handle!
抓着手柄把它提起来！
（与the连用，表示时间或量度单位）
used with the to show the period or quantity used for buying, selling or measuring sth
We rented the car by the day.
我们按日租用汽车。
They're paid by the hour.
他们的报酬是按小时计算的。
We only sell it by the metre.
我们只按米出售。
（表示速率）
used to state the rate at which sth happens
They're improving day by day.
他们在一天天地改进。
We'll do it bit by bit.
我们会一点一点地做。
It was getting worse by the minute (= very fast) .
情况急速恶化。
The children came in two by two (= in groups of two) .
孩子们一对一对地走了进来。
（补充有关出生地、职业等的信息）
used for giving more information about where sb comes from, what sb does, etc.
He's German by birth.
他是德国血统的。
They're both doctors by profession.
他们两人的职业都是医生。
（起誓时用）以…的名义
used when swearing to mean ‘in the name of’
I swear by Almighty God…
我以全能上帝之名发誓…
（表示尺寸时用）
used to show the measurements of sth
The room measures fifteen feet by twenty feet.
房间15英尺宽20英尺长。
（用于乘除运算）
used when multiplying or dividing
6 multiplied by 2 equals 12.
6乘以2等于12。
6 divided by 2 equals 3.
6除以2等于3。
adv.
经过
past
Just drive by. Don't stop.
直接开过去。别停车。
He hurried by without speaking to me.
他没和我说话就匆匆过去了。
Excuse me, I can't get by.
劳驾，请让开点路。
Time goes by so quickly.
时光飞逝。
（表示保留或保存时用）
used to say that sth is saved so that it can be used in the future
I've put some money by for college fees.
我已经存了些钱作大学学费。
短暂拜访
in order to visit sb for a short time
I'll come by this evening and pick up the books.
我今晚过来取书。
before long; soon
她不久就碰到了一个大胡子老头。
By and by she met an old man with a beard.
by
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In addition to the uses shown below, by is used in phrasal verbs such as ‘abide by’, ‘put by’, and ‘stand by’.
除下列用法，by还可用于abide by, put by和 stand by等短语动词中。
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PREP 由；被
If something is done by a person or thing, that person or thing does it.The feast was served by his mother and sisters...
这顿美餐是他母亲和他的姐妹们准备的。
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PREP （图书、音乐、绘画等）由…（创作），出自
If you say that something such as a book, a piece of music, or a painting is by a particular person, you mean that this person wrote it or created it....a painting by Van Gogh...
一幅凡·高的画
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5
谈论一本书、一部戏、一首乐曲或一幅画的创作者时，用by表示：three books by Michael Moorcock（迈克尔·穆尔科克写的3本书），a collection of piano pieces by Mozart（莫扎特钢琴曲集）。谈论信件或信息的发出者时，用from表示：He received a message from Vito Corleone（他收到维托·科莱奥内捎来的信息）。
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PREP 靠；用；凭
If you do something by a particular means, you do it using that thing.We'll be travelling by car.
我们将开车旅行。
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PREP 通过，凭借（做某事）
If you achieve one thing by doing another thing, your action enables you to achieve the first thing.Make the sauce by boiling the cream and stock together in a pan...
把奶油和高汤一起放在平底锅里熬煮来制作调味料。
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8
PREP （用于短语中）由于，出于（偶然或意外）
You use by in phrases such as 'by chance' or 'by accident' to indicate whether or not an event was planned.I met him by chance out walking yesterday...
我昨天外出散步时碰巧遇见了他。
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PREP 就（本性、职业或出身）而言
If someone is a particular type of person by nature, by profession, or by birth, they are that type of person because of their nature, their profession, or the family they were born into.I am certainly lucky to have a kind wife who is loving by nature...
拥有一个天性仁爱的贤妻，我当然很幸运。
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PREP 根据，按照（法律或某种标准）
If something must be done by law, it happens according to the law. If something is the case by particular standards, it is the case according to the standards.Pharmacists are required by law to give the medicine prescribed by the doctor.
法律规定药剂师必须按照医生开的处方配药。
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PREP 说（某词语或某一番话）
If you say what someone means by a particular word or expression, you are saying what they intend the word or expression to refer to.Stella knew what he meant by 'start again'...
斯特拉知道他说“重来”是什么意思。
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PREP （用于表示抓住身体某部位或握住物体某部分）
If you hold someone or something by a particular part of them, you hold that part.He caught her by the shoulder and turned her around...
他抓住她的肩膀把她的身子转了过来。
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PREP 在…旁边；接近
Someone or something that is by something else is beside it and close to it.Judith was sitting in a rocking-chair by the window...
朱迪丝正坐在窗户边的一张摇椅里。
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PREP 经过；经由
If a person or vehicle goes by you, they move past you without stopping.A few cars passed close by me...
几辆车贴着我开过去。
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PREP 在（某处停留）
If you stop by a place, you visit it for a short time.We had made arrangements to stop by her house in Pacific Grove...
我们已安排好去造访她位于帕西菲克格罗夫的家。
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PREP 在…时候；到…之前；不迟于
If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time.By eight o'clock he had arrived at my hotel...
到8点时，他已经到达我住的宾馆了。
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PREP 在（白天或夜晚）
If you do something by day, you do it during the day. If you do it by night, you do it during the night.By day a woman could safely walk the streets, but at night the pavements became dangerous...
白天的时候，妇女可以安全地在街上行走，而到了夜晚人行道上会变得很危险。
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PREP （乘或除）以
In arithmetic, you use by before the second number in a multiplication or division sum....an apparent annual rate of 22.8 per cent (1.9 multiplied by 12)...
22.8%的名义年率（1.9乘以12）
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PREP 乘（表示长乘宽得出的居室等的面积）
You use by to talk about measurements of area. For example, if a room is twenty feet by fourteen feet, it measures twenty feet in one direction and fourteen feet in the other direction.Three prisoners were sharing one small cell 3 metres by 2 metres.
3个囚犯关在一个3米长2米宽的小牢房里。
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PREP （表示增减的幅度）
If something increases or decreases by a particular amount, that amount is gained or lost.Violent crime has increased by 10 percent since last year...
暴力犯罪自去年以来增加了10%。
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PREP 以…计；按…计
Things that are made or sold by the million or by the dozen are made or sold in those quantities.Parcels arrived by the dozen from America...
包裹成打地从美国运来。
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PREP （表示事物的逐渐变化）
You use by in expressions such as 'minute by minute' and 'drop by drop' to talk about things that happen gradually, not all at once.His father began to lose his memory bit by bit, becoming increasingly forgetful.
他的父亲开始一点点地失去记忆，变得越来越健忘。
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PHRASE 独自；单独
If you are by yourself, you are alone....a dark-haired man sitting by himself in a corner.
一个独自坐在角落里的黑发男人
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PHRASE 独立（完成某事）
If you do something by yourself, you succeed in doing it without anyone helping you.I didn't know if I could raise a child by myself.
我不知道自己是否能够独自养大一个孩子。
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He arrived at the solution by a simple process of deduction .
他通过一番简单的推理得出了解决问题的方法。
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It works by remote control .
它通过遥控工作。
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By the time you get there the meeting will be over .
等你到了那里的时候，会议就该结束了。
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The last of these reasons is by far the most important .
这些理由中最后一条比其他的重要得多。
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The children came in two by two .
孩子们一对一对地走了进来。
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I wouldn 't lower myself by working for him .
我不会贬低自己的身份去为他工作。
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He received £ 600 by way of compensation from the company .
他得到那家公司600英镑的赔偿。
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All the statistical computations were performed by the new software system .
所有的统计计算均由新的软件系统完成。
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They 've increased the price by 50 % .
他们已经把价格提高了50%。
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All research proposals must be accompanied by a full motivation .
所有研究计划书均须详述研究动机。
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The pilot was given clearance to land by air traffic control .
飞行员得到空中交通管制站发出的着陆许可。
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It is possible to get there by bus .
可以乘公共汽车到那里。
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The equipment is slow and heavy by modern standards .
按现代标准，那台设备又慢又笨重。
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We 've expanded the business by opening two more stores .
我们增开了两个商店以扩展业务。
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That 's a philosophy I could live by .
那就是我所信奉的人生哲学。
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She has two children by a previous marriage .
她和前夫有两个孩子。
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Government employees may be screened by the security services .
政府雇员可能要接受安全部门的审查。
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You 'll be paid by direct credit into your bank account .
给你的付款将直接贷记你方银行账户。
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Try to tell what this is just by feeling it .
凭手摸摸说出这是什么东西？
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The cast must all be on set by 7 in the morning .
全体演员必须在早上7点钟到场。
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The price of wheat has decreased by 15 % .
小麦价格降低了15%。
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He began by making a few general observations about the report .
开头他先对这个报告作了几点概括性的评论。
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Applications should be in by next Monday at the latest .
最迟须于下星期一递交申请书。
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It was a typically robust performance by the Foreign Secretary .
这是外交大臣典型的有信心的表现。
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Improve the soil by adding organic matter .
加入有机物以改良土壤。
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Be set to leave by 10 o'clock .
做好准备，最晚10点钟走。
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Clients can now contact us by email out of hours .
现在于办公时间以外顾客可以用电邮和我们联系。
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Manufacturing output has increased by 8 % .
工业产量增长了8%。
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You 'll have your work cut out to get there by nine o'clock .
你九点钟前赶到那里可不容易。
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The building project will be financed by the government .
这个建筑项目将由政府出资。
- 习语