拥挤成本

其中，向心力包括地方化经济和城市化经济；离心力则包括集聚带来的拥挤成本以及因运输成本很高或者很低时造成的经济活动的分散化。

Agglomeration forces include localization economies and urbanization economies . Dispersion forces include the congestion costs and the dispersion caused by the transportation costs .

然而，随着城市规模的扩大，虽然规模效应在增加，拥挤成本和交易费用也很快增大，规模效应的作用得到抵销。

However , with the urban expansion , although the scale in the increase in congestion costs and transaction costs are also increasing rapidly , the scale of the role of set-off .

但无论是在D-S框架内外，规模报酬递增典型地依赖于单一产业的规模；任何另一产业在城市的增加都会导致拥挤成本的上升且无生产率的提高。

But inside or outside the D-S frame , increasing returns to scale typically depend on the scale of mono-industry ; and the appearing of any new industry would result in the going up of the crowded cost without any improvement in productivity .

当产业间知识溢出给企业带来的收益大于增加的拥挤成本时，多样性城市自然就会稳定地存在。

When profits brought to enterprises by knowledge spillovers outweigh increased crowded cost among industries , diverse cities will exist stably .

简述了成本的分类，从时间成本、环境成本、能源成本和社会成本等方面对城市道路交通拥挤成本进行了分析，对城市交通拥挤解决手段的选择具有一定的实践意义。

This paper illustrates the classification of cost , and analyzes urban road traffic congestion cost from time cost , environmental cost , energy cost and social cost , which has a certain practical meanings for selecting measures to solve the problem of urban traffic congestion .

在介绍城市交通社会成本的概念及评估方法的基础上，针对北京市交通环境现状，对北京市交通环境成本、拥挤成本进行了估算，并提出了降低北京市交通社会成本的建议。

Based on the concept and assessment methods of traffic social cost and the current situation of traffic environment of Beijing , the traffic pollution cost and crowded cost of Beijing are estimated , and some corresponding proposals of improving traffic environment of Beijing were given .

基于路网整体研究了边际拥挤外部成本，并给出定量计算。

Research the marginal external costs of congestion based on the overall road network and give the quantitative calculations .

城市道路交通拥挤外部成本的定性、定量分析是城市道路拥挤定价的基础。

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the external cost which urban traffic congestions bring are the base of congestion pricing .

本文首先在分析了城市道路交通拥挤的成本及其产生原因的基础上，分析比较了解决城市道路交通拥挤的各手段，交通拥挤收费是一个可选的有效手段。

The thesis firstly analyses the cost and the causes of urban road congestion , expounds the measures for solving it , and conclude urban road traffic congestion toll is one of the selectable effective measures .

交通拥挤引起的成本上升以及不确定性等都让投资者望而却步。

Traffic jam leads to expense and unpredictability , things that keep investors away .

城市交通拥挤的外部成本分析

Analyses of Exterior Cost About City Traffic Congestion

车的方面主要是从出行的机动车辆所造成的交通拥挤、出行成本和环境能源方面进行分析，提出了效用函数模型。

The vehicle influence to traffic crowing 、 cost 、 environment and resource is analyzed and the model of utility-function is put forward .

分析了交通拥挤的社会成本构成，对交通拥挤时间延误损失估算方法进行了概述，并在此基础上提出了基于道路分级、群体分类及考虑时空特性的交通拥挤时间延误损失估算方法。

Analysis the social cost constitutes of traffic congestion , we for the first time set up a new estimation method for loss in time delay caused by traffic congestion based on road classification , population classification , and time-varying characteristics .

因为担心会带来无用的基础建设、街道拥挤问题，以及成本高昂却用处不大的比赛场地，很难说服选民支持冬奥会。

Concerns about useless infrastructure , overcrowded streets and white-elephant venues have made Winter Olympics bidding a hard sell to voters .

文章对公路收费问题进行了分析，探讨了不同道路状况下的收费模式，建立了相关数学模型，重点分析了道路拥挤条件下的拥挤成本模型，对不同道路收费模式的福利情况进行了经济学分析。

This paper analyses the question of road charge , probes into charge model of different condition of road , researches relative mathematical model , especially , the paper inquires into welfare effect of different charge model by economics tool .