斯多葛学派

试析斯多葛学派命题逻辑研究中的命题函子理论

Research on the Propositional Functor in Propositional Logic of Stoicism

关于斯多葛学派或其追随者的。

Pertaining to Stoicism or its followers .

总体而言，斯多葛学派所主张的就是这一点：生活是一盘很大的棋局。

And what the Stoics say in general is simply this : there is a larger plan in life .

被命运重创的创业家们和被颠覆性变化猛击的企业领袖，现在抓住了斯多葛学派哲人塞内加（Seneca）和克律西波斯（Chrysippus）的冥思。

The musings of Seneca and Chrysippus are being seized upon by entrepreneurs whipsawed by fate , and corporate leaders battered by disruption .

到古罗马时期，斯多葛学派的自然法观念得到了继受和发展。

The Stoics ' idea of natural law is accepted in ancient Roman .

（约公元前335-263年）创立斯多葛学派哲学的古希腊哲学家。

( ca 335-263 BC ) Greek philosopher who found the Stoic school .

斯多葛学派哲学家通过对命运的服从获得幸福快乐。

A stoic achieves happiness by submission to destiny .

斯多葛学派的哲学体系追随古希腊哲学家芝诺的教义。

The philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher zeno .

他把古希腊，尤其是早期斯多葛学派的自然法观念加以通俗化、系统化和理论化，使之获得了最为完备的形态。

He makes the Stoics ' idea of natural law popular , systematical and theoretic and makes it complete .

从苏格拉底，经斯多葛学派、笛卡尔、斯宾诺莎，最后至康德达到顶峰。

It developed from Socrates to the Stoics and to Descartes , Spinoza , and finally to Kant who pushed it to its peak .

斯多葛学派教导我们，不快乐，消极情绪，以及我们今天所称的压力，都是我们对外部环境所做判断的结果。

Stoicism teaches that unhappiness , negative emotions , and what we would today call stress are the result of the judgments we make about external circumstances .

斯多葛学派是古希腊和古罗马时期的一支地位举足轻重的思想流派，其代表人物有芝诺、爱比克泰德、塞涅卡等人。

The stoicism is a very important school of thought in ancient Greece and ancient Rome , it 's representative men include Zeno , Epictetus and Seneca etc.

斯多葛学派认为，唯有在我们能够掌控自己的内心世界时，我们获得的幸福才最安稳。

To the Stoics , the most secure kind of happiness could be found in the only thing that we are in control of & our inner world .

斯多葛学派是首个提出完备的、系统化的自然法思想的学派，在西方思想史上有着重要地位。

Stoic is the first School , which put forward a comprehensive , systematic natural law thinking , and has an important position in the history of Western thought .

公元前207年：古希腊斯多葛学派的哲人克里斯帕斯笑死了，因为他看见一只喝醉的驴子试图去吃无花果。

BC : Chrysippus , a Greek stoic philosopher , is believed to have died of laughter after giving his donkey wine then seeing it attempt to eat figs .

斯多葛学派教导我们，不快乐，消极情绪，以及我们今天所称的“压力”，都是我们对外部环境所做判断的结果。

Stoicism teaches that unhappiness , negative emotions , and what we would today call " stress " are the result of the judgments we make about external circumstances .

理论上，斯多葛学派是一群苦修者，他们对欢愉和痛苦、财富和贫穷都漠不关心，与困扰着一般人的心灵的情感保持距离以让自己的内心强大。

The Stoics were in theory a hair-shirted bunch , indifferent to pleasure and pain , wealth and poverty , fortified by their distance from the emotions that trouble ordinary minds .