例外原则

主要内容如下：第一部分，Bolar例外原则。

Key elements as follows : The first part is an overview of the Bolar exception principle , introducing the definition , evolution and rationality of the Bolar exception principle .

由此在某些国家发展了信用证欺诈例外原则。

So , some countries develop the P / C fraud exception principle .

从对UCC第5条的修订到UNCITRAL公约的制订，欺诈例外原则的发展经历了一个漫长的过程。

Article 5 and the UNCITRAL Convention , the development of the fraud rule has come a long way .

本文首先探讨了WTO在国际贸易运行中的五项基本原则，即最惠国待遇原则、国民待遇原则、透明度原则、市场准入原则和例外原则。

The paper first talks about the five basic principles , the principle of most favored nation treatment , the principle of national treatment , transparent principle , market admittance principle and the principle of exception , which work in the international businesses .

论信用证欺诈例外原则与善意交易参加人之保护

Principle of Fraud Exception and protection of participants in good faith

欺诈例外原则逐步确立发展。

Thus the principle of fraud exception was established step by step .

但是已知保险例外原则除外。

But " have already known insurance principle of exception " exceptio .

对信用证欺诈例外原则的适用，国际社会没有形成统一的标准和规则。

The international community did not form a unified standards and rules .

同时，信用证的抽象独立性原则和欺诈例外原则也在本部分有所论述。

Meanwhile , abstract independent principle and exceptional principle are also illustrated .

由此产生了信用证独立性与欺诈例外原则的矛盾。

Hence the contradiction between its independent character and swindling exception principles .

第一章论述信用证欺诈例外原则的建立。

The first chapter discusses the establishment of the principle of fraud exception .

信用证欺诈例外原则的法律研究

Legal Research on the Principle of the Fraud Exception in Letter of Credit

第一章主要介绍欺诈例外原则的概念及法律基础。

Chapter I introduces the concept and legal basis of the fraud rule .

因此信用证欺诈例外原则就应运而生，它是对信用证欺诈的一种救济途径。

So fraud exception as a relief way was born at the right moment .

第一部分，对信用证欺诈例外原则进行概述。

The first part , overview on fraud exception principle of letter of credit .

通过详细考察美国《统一商法典第五-信用证》的成文法规定，介绍信用证欺诈例外原则的发展。

Section 2 : Introduction to the basic theories of principle of fraud exception .

信用证欺诈例外原则具有其独特的特征。

The exception principle of the letters of credit fraud has its unique characters .

信用证欺诈例外原则适用问题探讨

On applicability of credit letter cheating exception principle

从信用证欺诈例外原则的含义入手，分析其产生的原因及理论基础。

From the fraud exception principle of concept , analysis of the reasons , theoretical basis .

第二部分，对信用证欺诈例外原则予以比较法分析。

The second part is about comparison analysis of the fraud exception doctrine of letter of credit .

因此，一些国家通过立法和司法判例确立了信用证欺诈例外原则，以弥补信用证独立抽象性原则的不足，防止信用证欺诈的发生。

Consequently , the principle of fraudulent exception on the letter of credit was developed in some countries .

在理论层面，本文则认为应当重构以公开为原则以不公开为例外原则。

At the level of theory , I think we should rebuild a role with the principle of public .

各主要国家的法院也根据信用证欺诈例外原则提供禁令或冻结令等救济措施。

The courts in dominant nations should establish the ban or frozen measures according to the P / C fraud exception principle .

我国的信用证立法比较薄弱，虽然近年来的判例和相关文件表明我国对信用证欺诈例外原则的豁免持肯定态度，但立法上的完善应是必须的。

Recently , the cases and some relative judgments indicate that we are approving it , still the perfection in legislation is necessary .

第四部分、第五部分论述信用证欺诈例外原则的豁免及其价值效果。

The fourth and fifth parts will discuss the exemption and value effect of the exception principle of fraud in letter of credit .

为了打击信用证欺诈行为，美国在司法实践中最早发展了信用证欺诈例外原则。

In order to prevent this kind of behavior from happening , the principle of fraud exception was firstly established in American judicial practices .

美国率先在美国《统一商法典》中规定了信用证欺诈例外原则的豁免，英国也通过一系列的判例对信用证欺诈例外的豁免给以肯定。

USA is the leader of regulating the exemption of fraud exception rule , and UK also confirm it by a series of cases .

摘要欺诈例外原则是为了避免信用证欺诈，在肯定信用证抽象独立原则的基础上产生的。

For avoiding fraud of letter of credit , fraud exception doctrine appears on the basis of confirming abstract in dependence doctrine of letter of credit .

信用证欺诈例外原则，是各国在国际贸易实践中逐渐建立完善的一种遏制信用证欺诈的重要制度。

The fraud exception principle is an important practice gradually established in the practice of international trade to deter frauds in the use of letters of credit .

分析了信用证欺诈例外原则的产生及理论基础，重点探讨了信用证欺诈例外原则的适用范围、行使主体和举证责任三个具体问题。

The article studies the origin and theory of fraud exception doctrine , discusses focally the scope of application , exercising main body and burden of proof .