压力型体制

压力型体制下乡镇治理的特点及负面影响

On Characteristics and Negative Influence of Town / Township Governance under the Pressurized System

压力型体制与基层政府负债

Pressurized System and Grassroots Governmental Liabilities

压力型体制下的乡政村治格局剖析

On the State of " Township Government and Governance of Villages " under the Pressure System

压力型体制下的政府行为&对乡镇政府招商引资行为的理性思考

Acts of Township Government under Pressurized System & Pondering over the Investment Attraction Measures of Township Governments

压力型体制又促使乡镇利益的部门化与个人化。这一部分具体分析了乡政村治的乡村治理模式的形成过程；压力型体制下这种乡村治理模式所呈现的特征；

Finally , under the pressure management system , the rural government favors in departmental and personal benefits .

结合财政困境下的乡镇改革对这一行为进行分析，指出压力型体制下的县乡（镇）政府在招商引资行为中应扮演着不同的角色。

An analysis is given to illustrate the roles that township governments should play in investment attraction process .

论压力型体制下的乡政村治&兼议体制改革中的乡村治理

On " the Township Regime and Villagers ' Self-government " in the Oppression Systems and the Reform of the Rural Governance

压力型体制下的财政体制和土地管理制度的变迁，宽松的信贷政策和住房制度改革等因素使土地财政得以形成和延续。

The financial system , transition of the land administrative system and the loose credit policy have made the land finance take shape and continue .

最后，从整个行政体制层面来看，压力型体制的单轨特性是造成农民利益表达困境最为主要的体制根源。

Finally , from the level of the whole administrative system , single-track characteristic of pressure-model system is the primary system root which makes peasants interest expression dilemma .

文中对土地财政研究相关的概念进行界定，并提出了研究土地财政的理论分析工具&压力型体制。

This thesis defines the concepts related to the research on land finance , and puts forward the theoretical analysis tool for studying the land finance-the Pressure-Type Administration System .

在压力型体制下，基层政府只接受来自上级政府的单一授权，不可避免地形成对上负责的功能取向。

In the pressure-model system , grassroots governments only receive upper government s ' unitary authorization and they are inevitably formed the function orientation of " responsibility for the superior " .

而乡村社会内卷化的生成是由三层结构组成的，即上层压力型体制的过分彰显，中层乡级政府的自利性亢奋和底层农民无组织的弱势地位。

The shaping construction of evolution in the rural society includes three levels , pressure type system in the upper , self interest in the middle and peasants , vulnerable position of inorganization in the bottom .

在当前我国压力型体制下，乡村关系的冲突和矛盾的表现形式主要是：一是当前财政体制所形成的官民之间直接的利益冲突；

Under current our country pressure system , the village relations conflict and the contradiction mainly are : first is the direct conflict of interest between the officials and people which is occurred by the current financial systems ;

总结起来，我国乡镇存在几大问题：乡镇政府本身存在的机构臃肿人浮于事的问题，县乡之间压力型体制问题，乡镇政府与村级组织在管理体制上结构性矛盾问题等。

In sum , the Chinese township governments are challenged by several major problems , such as over-staffed township government , pressure-featuring county-township relationship , and the structural conflicts with administration institution between township government and village authority .

对于县级地方政府来说，由于创新内容有限、创新权力有限、创新知识有限、创新效果有限和创新保障有限，地方政府在目前的压力型体制下，同样缺少适当的创新空间。

As for the county class of local government , because of the lack of innovation contents , innovation power , innovation knowledge , innovation result and the guarantee with innovation , local governments also lack the appropriate innovative space in the current pressure system .

因此，在压力型体制下，追求自身特殊效用目标即任期内政绩最大化的县级政府及其官员的行为将不可避免地与以地方民众公共利益为核心的公共管理行为发生冲突。

Therefore , under a pressure-type system , acts of county government and its officials who pursue their own goals that is to maximize achievements in his official career will inevitably be in conflict with local public administration acts which is the core of public interest .

长期以来，处于压力型体制末端的乡镇政府担负了沉重的管理压力，而乡镇政府机关人力资源的状况却面临着质量不高、结构失衡的严重问题。

A long time , in a " pressure-type " system at the end of the township government has assumed a heavy management burden , and the status of the human resources of the township government is facing the quality is not high , the structural imbalance of serious problems .

这些矛盾问题产生的原因主要有：第一，压力型行政体制的影响。

Influence of pressure administration system .

因此，提升乡镇政府回应能力就要改革压力型行政体制，合理划分各级政府的事权；

So the ways to fully strengthen the role of village and township government are mainly to change the pressure-administration system ;

在现行体制下，乡镇是压力型国家体制的末梢，而村民自治又具有合法的独立性。

Under the current system , the village is the end of a national system of pressure , but the village people autonomy has legal independent sex again .

从国家体制层面来看，影响农民利益表达的因素主要包括：体制内表达渠道的功能淤塞，村民自治制度的内在局限性以及压力型行政体制的单轨特征。

From state level , factors which affect peasants ' interest expression mainly include the function blockage of expression channels in the system , internal limitations of villagers ' autonomy system and the single-track characteristics of pressure-related administration system .

乡村关系失调的病因根源于宏观体制，压力型行政体制、中央与地方的财政税收制度、党政关系、立法与司法体制等宏观体制中存在的困境是乡村关系失调的病灶。

The imbalance of village relations originates from the dilemma of macro-system such as forced administrative system , revenue system of the central government and local governments , relations between the Party and government , the system of legislation and administration of justice , etc.

如果我们在这我之前，称作体制2的领域，是压力导向型的体制，那么阻力，是与v平方成正比。

If we are here in the domain of what I called earlier regime two , which is the pressure-dominated regime , then the drag force is proportional to v squared .