投资性支出

从结构上来看，投资性支出和民生性支出对全国居民消费产生了挤入效应，而消费性支出产生了挤出效应。

Analyzing from the structure , the investment spending and welfare spending have packed effect , but the consuming spending has extrusion effect .

具体到城乡之间，投资性支出对城镇居民消费产生挤入效应，而对农村居民消费经历了一个先挤入再挤出的过程；

More specifically , the investment spending has packed effect on urban consumption , but rural consumption experiences a process of squeeze to extrusion .

同时农民的支出结构存在着不合理，主要表现在消费性支出所占比例大，投资性支出过低，关键在于用于农民自身的人力资本投资过低。

At the same time it shows that the rural expenditure structure is not reasonable : mainly shows there is a large proportion of consumer , compared with low investment spending , especially the human capital investment for the farmers themselves .

不幸的是，由于暴跌的利润和增加的失业挤出了投资和消费性支出所导致的第二轮的影响，经济看起来摇摇欲坠。

Unfortunately , the economy is likely to totter again as the second-round effects of tumbling profits and rising unemployment squeeze investment and consumer spending .

长期以来政府卫生支出一直被视为一种消费性支出，可以增进社会福利，但降低经济增长率，但作为政府对国民健康人力资本的投资其生产性支出的特点也是显而易见的。

Government health expenditure has long been considered as a nonproductive expenditure , which can promote the social welfare , but reduce economic growth rate . But as a kind of investment of the national health capital , this expenditure also has an obvious feature of productive expenditure .

从产出波动性的成分分解来看，产出波动性降低的主要原因源于投资波动性、政府支出波动性和净出口波动性的降低，而消费波动性继续保持平稳态势。

The volatilities in investment , government spending and net export are the procyclical components in the growth volatility , and the aggregate consumption is still stable during the business cycle .

在第四章中，讨论了一个销售通道中N+1个成员在品牌投资、地方性广告支出和广告费用以及费用共享规则上进行合作时的问题。

In Chapter 4 consider the problem in a channel with a single manufacturer and N retailers through brand image , local advertising expenditures , and sharing rules of advertising expenses .