法律推定

共同危险行为人在主观方面是法律推定的各自过错；

Its subjective essential condition is respective fault of legal presumption .

共同危险行为在因果关系上是必然性和法律推定相结合。

Its causality is a combination of certainty and legal presumption .

信托关系可以法律推定成立。

A trust can be presumed by operation of law .

第一部分法律推定与刑事法律推定的一般原理。

The first part is general principle of criminal presumption and penal criminal presumption .

论刑事法律推定

Thoery of the Penal Criminal Presumption

实际上，事实推定作为一种事实认定的方法，同法律推定作为一种推定有着一些深层次的不同，并非只是有无法律规定的问题。

In fact , factual presumption as a way of identification is greatly deferent from legal presumption .

法律推定利益的丧失或损害，是构成违反之诉的最基本概念，义务的违反构成了利益的丧失或损害的初步证据。

The legal presumption of benefits nullification or impairment is the key concept in the violation cases .

同时事实推定和法律推定在效力上、在具体程序设计上都应当区别加以分析。

And fact presumption and legal presumption should be distinguished and analyzed in their effect and concrete procedure design .

但是委托人支付报酬的义务与受托人移转著作权的义务构成对价，并对法律推定的著作权的移转产生影响。

Payment from the client and the copyright transfer from the t trustee constitute the consideration that Impacts copyright transfer .

认证方式则包括当事人自认、司法认知、经验法则和法律推定等方面。

The methods of confirmation include admission , judicial notice , and rule of experience , and presumption of law .

无论事实推定还是法律推定其对裁判者认定案件事实都有强制适用性。

Either the fact presumption or the law presumption has the compulsory applicability to the judges ' cognizance of the case .

这些形态包括：垄断与准垄断、绝对优势地位、寡头分占以及法律推定企业拥有市场支配地位的情形。

These forms are composed monopoly and quasi-monopoly , absolutely superior position , oligarch monopoly and other forms according to legal reference .

民事诉讼中，事实推定作为法官认定案件事实的一种裁判方法，在司法实践中的应用范围比法律推定更为广泛。

As a measure of judging the facts in issue , the presumption of fact is practiced more widely than presumption of law in judicial areas .

在“实质真实”视角下，刑事诉讼中法律推定的适用需要满足一定的条件，事实推定则应禁止适用。

From perspective of " substantial truth ", the application of legal presumption in criminal litigation needs to meet certain conditions , while fact presumption prohibits the application .

本文以列表的形式归纳了反映目前刑事推定立法适用现状的22项法律推定事例，并根据上述事例总结出我国刑事推定适用特点。

This paper summarizes the list of the form to reflect the application of the current legislative status of criminal presumption ( 22 examples ), which indicates the characteristics of our country criminal presumption .

由于法律推定和事实推定的诉讼功能不同，民事诉讼中推定适用的基本规则应分为法律推定与事实推定两种。

The basic rules of presumption exertion in civil litigation should be divided into the presumptions of law and the presumptions of facts because of the different functions between presumptions of law and presumptions of facts .

信托的股东引用了机构与政府对抗的数据，最近一次是放宽规划法令确立有利于可持续发展的法律推定。

Trust bosses cite that statistic in their rows with the government , the latest of which is over a bid to loosen planning laws to establish a presumption in favour of " sustainable development " .

在法律推定方面，探讨了明知、持有型犯罪、目的犯、共同犯罪与刑事主体资格中的推定规则；以及刑事诉讼法中的推定规则。

In Legal Presumption , we discuss the presumption of Knowledge , Possession-type Crime , Purposeful Crime , Common Crime and Criminal Rules for Legal Qualification in Criminal Law , and the presumption in Criminal Procedural Law .

文章在逐一评析这些观点后，提出共同危险行为之归责基础应当从法律的推定、事实的共同性和责任的不可分性等方面综合考虑。

After analyzing those opinions one by one , it is argued in this article that the imputation basis should be considered comprehensively from the legal deduction , the sharing of the facts and the in-separability of responsibilities .

第一节研究法律上的推定与刑事诉讼的关系。

The first section studies the relationship between legal presumption and criminal procedure .

论法律效力再论推定

Validity of Law Re-discussion of Presumption

主要结合法律上的推定与事实上的推定两方面具体评析证明责任之分配。

Major focus is the analysis of Legal Liability of Burden of Proof in presumption of both law and facts .

认为法律上的推定，因为倒置了证明责任，因此一般不适用于刑事诉讼中。

The point is that legal presumption should not be used in criminal procedure because of any possible conversed burden of proof .

法律上的推定具有转移证明责任的效果，而事实上的推定并无转移证明责任的作用。

Presumed to have legal effect , transferred the burden of proof to the fact the presumption does not transfer the burden of proof .

本文将行政不作为界定为行政主体负有积极作为义务并具备作为可能性，但在外部形态上消极不为或仅以预备性程序行为为表现，根据法律规定或推定其已作意思表示的行为。

This paper defines the administrative omission as administrative subject having actions and duties and possibilities of administrative actions , but having passive actions or taking pre-procedure actions as its manifestation in outer formation .

危险标准的判断是环境危险犯的司法认定关键问题，其应该根据一般人与科学的标准相结合的原则判断，并同时采用允许被告人反证的法律上的推定原则。

In judicial practice , in light of the standard of judging the environmental dangerous criminals by the combination of the general personal and scientific stands , meanwhile , adopt " the legal presumption permitting the defendants to prove oppositely " .

学术界传统观点认为，按有无法律上的规定推定可以分为法律推定和事实推定。

The traditional view in the academic circle classifies presumptions into legal presumption and actual presumption .

第四节着重研究法律上对权利推定的特殊之处。

The fourth section emphasizes on the study of the distinguishing features of legal presumption on rights .

对亲子鉴定法律实践中证据推定规则适用进行了思考。

It think about that presumption regulation if can use for the paternity testing in practice the rule of law .

根据行政不作为自身的特点，其构成要件主要有以行政主体有法定的行政作为义务为前提、消极不为或预备性程序行为、借助法律拟制或推定、行政主体具备作为可能性四个方面。

According to its characteristics , the components of administrative omission include administrative subject taking legal administrative duties as premise and other three aspects .