积极自由

对理性主义一元论所可能导致的集权主义的担忧，使他拒斥各种积极自由的理论。

Considering that monism of rationalism may lead to authoritarianism , he rejects various theories of positive freedom .

同时，通过比较分析，伯林指出，与消极自由相比，积极自由更容易堕落为自由的反面。

Simultaneously , by comparative analysis he concludes that positive freedom is easier to fall into the opposite of freedom compared with negative freedom .

个人自主以消极自由和积极自由为其必要条件。

Individualism takes both negative liberty and the positive one as its prerequisite condition .

自由与道德、能力、市场&消极自由主义者与积极自由主义者的论战

Liberty & Morality , Capacity and Market

伯林试图解答的主要政治难题为消极自由和积极自由这两种自由概念；

The political problems Berlin tries to solve are two concepts of negative liberty and positive liberty .

在价值取向上，推崇积极自由，平等优先于权利。

And it maintains the value favor of equality prior to rights , praising highly of Positive Freedom .

只有把消极自由与包含个人自主的积极自由相结合，才能克服上述两个极端。

Only combining negative liberty with the positive one containing individual autonomy , could we overcome the two extreme poles .

消极自由与积极自由两种理论的冲突是深入研究消极自由理论的一条重要渠道。

The contradiction between these two liberal theories is an important channel of having a deep research on the negative liberty .

近代以来关于自由的观念形成了两种基本的学说：消极自由与积极自由。

There are two main theories about the viewpoint of liberty in modern society : the active liberty and the passive liberty .

通过区分消极自由和积极自由，格林把自由同它所服务的道德目的，即社会共同福利联系起来。

Green bridged the freedom and its moral concerns , the common social welfare , namely , by distinction of negative freedom from positive freedom .

伯林以其积极自由与消极自由的思想闻名于世，但他个人却非常重视自己的浪漫主义研究。

Berlin was well-known for his thought about positive freedom and passive freedom , but he pays much attention to his own study about romanticism .

因为在他看来，积极自由即便不是集权主义的直接依据，也为集权主义提供了理论上的借口。

In his view , even if positive liberty is not the direct basis of totalitarianism , it also provides a theoretical excuse for totalitarianism .

他认为，只有超越理性的信仰和超越自然律约束的积极自由，才能为道德提供内在理由，从而使其成为可能。

He only think faith of surmount the reasonableness and freedom of surmount the natural law stipulation can provide the inside reason to make morality possible .

仅仅强调消极自由会纵容盲目、非理性的个人行为，而仅仅强调积极自由则会走向专制主义。

Partial emphasis on negative liberty will lead to unrestrained aimless and irrational individual behavior , and an over strengthened positive liberty will be driven toward despotism .

消极自由有别于积极自由的核心在于，它具有确保个人享有不受外力侵犯而免于奴役地位的防御性功能。

What makes negative freedom different from positive freedom is that the former has defensive function that guarantees a person not to be enslaved by external forces .

两种自由都容易堕落到其反面，因此伯林告诫我们应该认真警惕积极自由，尽力维护消极自由。

This two liberty are easily fallen into their opposite , therefore Berlin warned that we should carefully guard against positive liberty , and maintenance of negative liberty .

在积极自由与消极自由的关系上，弗洛姆认为消极自由是实现积极自由的条件，积极自由是消极自由的目的。

Between freedom to and freedom from , Fromm considered that freedom from is a condition of freedom to while freedom to is the aim of freedom from .

获得律师有效辩护的权利是产生这一制度的权利基础，它使辩护权具有了“积极自由”的性质，并使辩护律师扮演起被追诉人代理人和国家代理人的双重角色。

The right to effective assistance of counsel is in its nature a positive liberty which requires the defense counsel to represent both the accused and the state .

对积极自由的批评，一方面导致了两种自由的内在冲突，另一方面，也使自由主义与价值多元论之间呈现出紧张的态势。

The criticism of positive freedom leads to not only the internal conflict of two kinds of freedom but also the nervous tendency of liberalism and value pluralism .

共和主义所欲求的自由，不同于柏林所阐发的消极自由和积极自由，而是第三种自由，即佩迪特宣称的无支配自由。

Republican freedom is different from the negative freedom and positive freedom that elucidated by Berlin , but a third freedom , which Pettit alleged the freedom as non-domination .

在张君劢看来，消极自由和积极自由不仅不存在紧张和矛盾关系，相反地，它们是内在和谐、不可分离的。

Mr. Zhang thought that the negative freedom and the positive freedom do not have intense and the contradictory relations , on the contrary , they are intrinsic harmonious and inseparable .

第二章主要是介绍柏林思想的主要内容&对积极自由和乌托邦思想的批判，以及他关于消极自由和积极自由相区分的创造性观点。

The second chapter introduces the main elements of thinking in Berlin & utopian ideas of positive freedom and criticism , and his negative freedom and positive freedom of distinguished creative ideas .

在和平时期，积极自由中的某些过激和集权的因素应被人们抛弃，但其中的负责和参与因素在政治私人化中需要肯定。

During peace time , some extremist and totalitarianism elements in the positive liberty should be abandoned , but the responsibility and participation elements in the negative liberty should be affirmed in the political privation .

因此，对外，他主张大学自治；对内，他主张教师职业自由、价值中立，并将学者对其学术责任的承担当作完善内心“积极自由”的一种方式。

Plus , Max Weber held to the tradition of autonomy and academic freedom in universities as well as " value-free " on the platforms , and appealed to scholars for their responsibilities for academy .

同一政治生活中同时存在着积极自由与消极自由，它们要实现必定会受制于一定的条件。限制或者实现自由的条件主要有外在的客观因素、法律等制度、道德与自由本身。

Positive freedom and negative freedom coexist in the political life , and their fulfillment is sure to be restricted by some conditions which external objective factors , constitutions and systems , moralities and freedom itself .

因为目前对这个问题的研究尚处于初级阶段，而且对于这个问题的研究有助于理解和把握积极自由和消极自由分野的源头，从而更有利于推进自我自由的实现。

The reason is that the research about it is at early beginning at present and contributes to comprehend the source of difference between active freedom and negative freedom in order to benefit the reality of freedom .

社群主义就是从古希腊城邦政治中首先找到了作为德性的爱国，那时候的爱国意味着一种积极自由观，城邦对于公民个人有着构成性的作用。

Communitarianism is from the ancient Greek city-state politics , first found as the virtue of patriotism . At that time patriotism means a positive view of freedom , city-states for the individual citizen has a constitutive role .

作为二十世纪最负盛名的自由主义思想家，伯林为自由一词做出过最为经典的诠释&提出了消极自由和积极自由的区分，并为消极自由进行辩护。

As the most prestigious liberal thinker in the twentieth century , Berlin has made the most classic interpretation of freedom . He puts forward the distinction between negative freedom and positive freedom , and defends negative liberty .

自由主义的主要理论原则包括四个方面：一是个人主义原则，强调个人存在从价值上先于社会，二是自由原则，主要强度消极自由而反对积极自由。

Liberalism 's main principles include : firstly , individualism , which emphasizes the individual 's existence to be prior to society 's on value ; secondly , liberty , which stresses negative liberty and opposes positive liberty ;

大学教师知识分子精神的复归需要消极自由与积极自由的匹配，美国式的终身教职制度是市场机制下卫护消极学术自由的最好的制度保障。

The returning of this spirit calls for the cooperation of " negative liberty " and " positive liberty " . In the market system , the American Tenure is the best institutional guarantee to safeguard the negative academic freedom .